<Research Notes>Clientelism and Protest Movement: "October Revolution" of 2019 in Lebanon

This paper reviews related works of literature on the intersection of clientelism and protest movements and then examines "October Revolution" 2019 in Lebanon as its application. First, it lays out the reasons why clientelism and protest movements relate to each other, inspired by the "second wave" of protest movements in the Middle East and North African countries, namely Algeria, Sudan, Iraq, and Lebanon. These four countries share common points that they did not encounter the "fi rst wave" of the Arab Spring in 2010; the main contentious point in their protests centered on economic issues and the experiences of civil war. Second, the author reviews the literature on both clientelism and protest movements, which clarifies the future topic to be examined. Third, it traces the history of Lebanese protest movements since its independence. Examining the historical trajectories of these protest movements enables a comparison with the absence of mass protest movements prior to the October 2019 revolution. Finally, the paper traces the 2019 October Revolution in detail, distinguishing the chronology and characters of the movements and concludes by suggesting some future research themes to be more rigorously examined